ABSTRACT: The study on a comparative study of sickle cell disease and Rhesus factor comparability among couples in Yenegoa and Port Harcourt aimed at evaluating the media campaign in creating awareness on sickle cell and Rhesus factor among couples in Yenegoa and port Harcourt, to examine whether counseling before marriage will help control the prevalence of sickle cell and Rhesus factor among couples in Nigeria, to determine whether low standard of living will incr...

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: According to the oxford advanced learners dictionary, immunization is the process of protecting an individual or animal from a disease especially by giving them an injection or a vaccine. Immunization is also defined as a process by which human beings protect themselves from, or against deadly diseases such as poliomyelitis, measles, tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough, vaccination is also another name for immunizing living thing...

BACKGROUND OF STUDY: The spread of the HBV in Nigeria has posed a lot of threat to health and well being citizens in Nigeria. It is evident that about a third of the world’s population, approximately 2 billion people gets infected with hepatitis B virus in their life time. About 360 million people remain chronically infected carriers of the disease, most of whom are unaware of their HBV status and about 20% - 30% of whom will eventually die from chronic sequel. The prev...

BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM STATEMENT

In order to attain the health for all, it is very important that an attempt has to be made to address diseases burdens and other health problems that significantly contribute to the poor health status of Nigeria. Base on this, there is need to mount urgent and appropriate health interventions capable of achieving this prime goal.  The main goal of the policy is to develop and promote immunization programmes geared toward reducti...

INTRODUCTION: The federal government has made significant progress in the following fields since Nigeria gained independence in 1960: agriculture, education, industries, health services, banking, among others. The government has worked to guarantee that everyone, especially women and children, has access to high-quality health services. The building of several public health institutes across the states is tangible proof of her efforts. Hospitals, health centers, clinics, mate...

Background of the study: Economic development and progress in Nigeria are unavoidable for a better and more successful way of life. Many predictors or variables must be investigated in order to have a full understanding of the nation's socioeconomic progress (Edward, Ansari, Ameen, and Matthew Christenson. 2017). Despite its façade, Nigeria's economic progress has been uneven throughout time. The birth and mortality rates are two critical aspects that can...

​​​​​​Background of the study: The Malaria remains one of the most serious global health problems. There are an estimated one million deaths each year, with nearly seventy five percent (75%) occurring in children living in sub-Saharan Africa. The history of malaria stretches from its prehistoric origin as a zoometric disease in the primates of Akwa-ibom through to the twenty first (21st) Century. The name malaria was derived from two Latin words “mal” “...

ABSTRACT: One of the most painful physical and emotional experiences for many women and young girls from developing countries is female genital mutilation. A contribution of demographic variables to prediction of attitude and knowledge of consequences of FGM among female civil servants in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria was carried out to determine this research circumcision of the female has been reported to give rise to major complications both to the...

ABSTRACT: Family planning is an important preventive measure against maternal and child morbidity and mortality. It is an essential component of primary health care and reproductive health. There is relatively high fertility rate in suburban and rural Nigeria despite the efforts of government and other non-governmental family planning services providers. This study sought to investigate the acceptance and utilisation of family planning services amongst s...

Abstract: Over the last decade or so, a large number of studies have investigated the possible adverse effects of ambient air pollution on birth outcomes. We reviewed these studies, which were identified by a systematic search of the main scientific databases. Virtually all reviewed studies were population based, with information on exposure to air pollution derived from routine monitoring sources. Overall, there is evidence implicating air pollution in adver...

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of exclusive breastfeeding in the development of children under-five in Benue State, Nigeria. To achieve this purpose, 10 hospitals were randomly selected using multi-stage sampling technique (simple random, stratified, and purposive sampling techniques). The data was collected using close-ended questionnaire. 500 questionnaires were distributed to nursing mothers who visited antenatal clini...

Background Of Study: For generations, those who practise medicine, scientists, and philosophers have been both captivated and perplexed by mental health conditions. Its symptoms have been ascribed to possession by demons, regarded to be retribution by the gods for the evil done, or recognised as proof of the inhumanity of its afflicted victims. All of these explanations are based on the belief that it is the gods who are punishing the evildoers. Because of th...

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes and problems of early motherhood in Ejigbo metropolis, Osun State. Related literature were reviewed in the concept of early motherhood, factors leading to early motherhood, problems associated with early motherhood together with summary of review of literature. The population used consisted of 200 respondents. A self designed questionnaire was used to collect information on the study which was...

Background of the study: The ever-increasing focus on enhancing women's reproductive health on a worldwide scale has resulted in an increased need for research, particularly in the field of maternal health. Since the late 1980s, the issue of maternal health, which can be defined as the "physical well-being of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period" (Abdul-Aziz, 2022), has been a primary focus of a number of international...

BACKGROUND OF STUDY: Immunization is a modern miracle, it has saved millions of lives worldwide and its origin dates back ancient Greece. In the 14th century the Chinese discovered and used a primitive form of vaccination called variolation. The aim was to prevent small pox by exposing healthy people to tissue from the scabs caused by the disease this is the first recorded attempt at vaccination1.

The British physician Dr. Edward Jenner in 1796 discovered...

ABSTRACT: This study was carried out to assess knowledge, practice and factors influencing birth preparedness and complication readiness among couples in selected rural communities in Oji River. The objectives of the study were to determine knowledge of birth preparedness and complication readiness among couples in the communities studied, couple’s practice of birth preparedness and complication readiness, identify factors that hinder couples practices...

ABSTRACT: This research work consider the impact of poverty on maternal and infant mortality in Jos North Local Government area. Maternal and infant mortality are not new concept in the social and medical sciences. They both pose serious threats to human survival especially in the future generations it is a saying, that the future of any society depends on the health condition of the women and the young population. The sustenance of the society and the econom...

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to examine the use of traditional medicine in the treatment of malaria among pregnant women in Abraka, Delta State.  The study adopted a survey research design and conveniently enrolled 147 participants in the study.Well structured questionnaire was issued to the participant which provided answers to the research questions. A total of 141 responses were received and validated from the enrolled participants where al...

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of stress related to child care experienced by women in the age range of childbearing. The study focused on investigating whether women of childbearing age at Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH) experience stress related to child care. It aimed to determine the prevalence of child care stress among these women and explore the coping strategies they employ to manage this stress. The re...

Background of the study: Anaemia describes a situation in which there is a reduction of haemoglobin concentration in the blood of pregnant women to a level below 11g/dl. Anaemia is one of the most common nutritional deficiency diseases observed globally and affects more than a quarter of the world’s population (1). Globally, anaemia affects 1.62 billion people (25%), among which 56 million are pregnant women (4 and ...

Background of the study: Malaria is an acute febrile illness caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are spread to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles Mosquito. Malaria has been the focus of multiple declarations, and a range of targets have been set since the beginning of the millennium this is because approximately half of the world population is at risk of malaria.(WHO, 2015). According to  Ukaegbu et al., (2014), M...

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Nutritional knowledge has been proven to play a very vital role in adopting optimal nutrition practices in the health of every expectant mother.As a matter of fact, health and nutritional status of the population of a nation is an important indicator of development of the country (Taleb, Kaibi, & Deghboudj, 2011). A nutrition survey carried out in India observed that the nutritional status of pregnant and lactatin...

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Malaria is a potentially fatal disease that is spread from person to person by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito, as stated by the World Health Organization (WHO) (2019). Malaria is caused by parasites that are passed on to humans via the bites of infected female mosquitoes. According to the World Malaria Report 2018, fifteen countries in sub-Saharan Africa and India were responsible for almost 80% of the global malari...

Background to the study: Malaria is one of the most prevalent human infections worldwide resulting in 225 million cases each year (WHO, 2010). It is caused by protozoa parasite of the genus plasmodium which infects and destroys red blood cells. Four species of plasmodia (P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. vivax) cause malaria in humans of which P. falciparum is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality (Taylor-Robinson, 1998; Das and Pan, 2006...

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: In affluent societies, obesity is the most common nutritional disorder. Obesity is a condition characterized by an abnormally excessive level of body fat (Edinburgh 1995). It is defined as abnormal adipose tissue growth caused by fat cell enlargement (hypertrophic obesity) or an increase in the number of fat cells (hyperplastic obesity) or a combination of the two (Park 2004). Excess fat accumulates as a result of an imbalance in ener...

BACKGROUND OF STUDY: The rate of child mortality in Nigeria has increased over time; immunisation practises in Nigeria have a substantial impact on nursing moms; this may be due to a positive or negative attitude of nursing mothers toward immunisation (USAID, 2022). Child mortality is a problem in numerous developing countries. The World Health Organization identifies tuberculosis, whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, and measles as the six diseases that kill c...

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: According to the oxford advanced learners dictionary, immunization is the process of protecting an individual or animal from a disease especially by giving them an injection or a vaccine. Immunization is also defined as a process by which human beings protect themselves from, or against deadly diseases such as poliomyelitis, measles, tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough, vaccination is also another name for immunizing living thing...

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Breastfeeding is the process of feeding an infant mother's milk, either through direct nipple-baby mouth contact or by expressed breast milk. Breast milk is classified into two types: colostrum, which is the initial yellowish and sticky milk produced from the mother's breasts from 37 weeks of gestation to about seven days after delivery, and mature milk, which is whitish in color and is produced effectively from about the tent...

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Breastfeeding is the process of feeding an infant mother's milk, either through direct nipple-baby mouth contact or by expressed breast milk. Breast milk is classified into two types: colostrum, which is the initial yellowish and sticky milk produced from the mother's breasts from 37 weeks of gestation to about seven days after delivery, and mature milk, which is whitish in color and is produced effectively from about the tent...

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY: All human beings need a balanced amount of nutrients for proper functioning of the body system. Nutrition is a fundamental pillar of human life, health and development throughout the entire life span (World Bank, 2006). Proper food and good nutrition are essential for survival, physical growth, mental development, performance and productivity, health and wellbeing. However, the nutrition requirement varies with respect to age, ge...

ABSTRACT: Urine Sample  from pregnant  women were analysed for bacteriuria. The result of irinalysis reveals the appearance –yellow and Cloudy, pH 6.0, protein-ve, Glucose-ve,Blood-ve, Urobilinogen. Normal, Ketone-ve, Nitrate tve, Bilirubin-ve, Ascobic acid –ve in some of the samples. The result  of urine microscopy reveal pus cells.  4-6/HPF, Epithelial  cell +++, red cells nil, yeast cells nil, crystal nil. Bacterial isolated from the cu...

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY: Malaria is an acute and chronic disease caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan of the genus plasmodium (Eneanta, 1996). Malaria has also been one of the world’s worst killer diseases throughout recorded human history. Despite attempt to eradicate it, it remains one of the worst disease in terms of death annually.

Malaria parasite was discovered in 1886 by Laveran a military physician working in Constantine Alger...

BACKGROUND OF STUDY : Poor nutrition is as old as man exist on earth, nutrition particular in protein and energy growing food which the world health organization (WHO) called “silent emergency” is an accomplice in at least half of the 10.4 million children death each year. Awake (2003), poor nutrition covers a wide range of illness from undernourishment due to a lack of one or more nutrient such as vitamins and mineral deficiency to obesity and other diet related...

ABSTRACT: This study centers on the study of exclusive breastfeeding among working class mothers. In Nigeria, periodic national surveys report the practice of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in the general population to be over 50 %. However, little is known about EBF among professional working mothers, particularly its duration after maternity leave. This study assessed the prevalence of EBF, as well as factors associated with the practice among professional working mothers in...

Background Of The Study: In many communities in sub-Saharan Africa, pregnancy is viewed as a ‘woman’s affair’, with a man’s role primarily to provide financial support. Even where men view accompanying their partner to antenatal clinics or PMTCT services as good practice, many still feels their main role is to provide financing for registration and delivery fees (Nkuoh, 2010).

In many settings, traditional gender roles and cu...

ABSTRACT: This study examined the cultural differences and it’s impact on nursing practice in Nigeria. Specifically, the study determined whether nurses are aware of cultural differences, determined whether cultural differences impacts on nursing practice in Nigeria, examined some of the cultural issues nurses encounter with patients, and examined ways cultural differences can be handled in nursing practice in Nigeria. The study empl...

BACKGROUND OF STUDY: Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused when abnormal cell division results in an extra chromosome. This genetic disorder, which varies in severities cause lifelong intellectual disability and developmental delays and in some people it causes health problems. Down syndrome is the most common genetic chromosomal disorder and cause of learning disabilities in children. Better understanding of Down syndrome and early interventio...

Background Of The Study: Typhoid fever is a systemic prolonged febrile illness caused by certain Salmonella serotypes including Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi A, S. paratyphi B and S. paratyphi C. It emerged as an important infectious disease in the early 19th century. The illness begins with mounting fever, headache, vague abdominal pain and constipation, which may be followed by appearance of rashes. During the third week, the patient reaches a state of pro...

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of exclusive breastfeeding in the development of children under-five in Benue State, Nigeria. To achieve this purpose, 10 hospitals were randomly selected using multi-stage sampling technique (simple random, stratified, and purposive sampling techniques). The data was collected using close-ended questionnaire. 500 questionnaires were distributed to nursing mothers who visited antenatal clini...

ABSTRACT: Maternal mortality has been describe as the death of women while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy. Kutungare village under Igabi Local Government Area is not an exemption to the effect of maternal mortality as research shown that most of the pregnant women suffer from issues related to maternal mortality due to the lack of awareness and high level of illiteracy or exposure to the effect of...

INTRODUCTION: The term time series refers to one the quantitative method used in determination pattern in data collected over time e.g weekly monthly, quarterly or yearly. Time service is the statistic tool or methodology that can be used to transform past experience to predict future event which would enable the researcher or organization to plan. It gives information about how the particular case of study has been behaving in the past and p...

ABSTRACT: The study was designed to determine the effect of home delivery among pregnant women of Sabon Gari Kaduna South Local Government Area Kaduna State. The project is divided into 5 chapters in other to make easy understanding, chapter 1 scope and delimitation, aim and objectives, limitation and defination of terms of the study. Chapter 2 focused on literature review of the study from different authors, which the topics is divided into sub-topic, they include: effect of...

ABSTRACT: The aim of the study is to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices of nurses regarding infection prevention and control within a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. A descriptive, research design with a quantitative approach was applied to determine the level of knowledge, attitudes and practices of nurses regarding infection prevention and control within a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. The population for the study was nurses working in clinical environment a...

ABSTRACT: Pregnancy duration and choice of care for maternal health are crucial primary health issues that the World Health Organization (WHO) keeps constant in the campaign for all round healthcare delivery for mother and child. To be sure, there is consensus on the need for optimal care for the mother and baby; this is believed to enhance the mother and child social development and biological growth and to reduce maternal and infant mortality and morbidity which are prevale...

ABSTRACT: This study examined the effects of a training program on knowledge, perception, and risk reduction regarding infection control among nurses. This study adopted a pretest–posttest quasi‑experimental design. The samples consisted of 87 participants comprising 42 nurses in the experimental ...

Abstract: Unwanted pregnancy followed by unsafe abortion can be avoided by using different contraceptive methods.The purpose of this study was to investigate the accessibility, use, misuse and effects of combined oral contraceptives among women of child bearing age. To effectively investigate this, the health belief model was adopted. A total of 250 respondents were used out of the 300 sampled population for the study.

The knowledge of the side effects of contraceptives use and the...

ABSTRACT: Malnutrition continues to be a significant public health and development concern globally. It is a serious problem because it is causing the deaths of 3.5 million children under 5 years old per- year. Its magnitude is still high in sub Saharan countries including Nigeria. The main objective of this study therefore, was to assess associated factors of malnutrition in under five years children in Ewoyi community in Esan North east Uromi Edo...

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of infertility and its ramifications on marital discord among women seeking medical care at the gynaecological clinic of a specialist hospital in Bauchi. The study employed the utilisation of survey design and implemented the application of simple random sampling techniques. The population size encompasses the cohort of female individuals seeking medical care at the esteemed gynaecological cli...

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in health services is a welcome phenomenon in the health care system. ICT is a diverse set of technological tools and resources to create, disseminate, store, bring value addition and manage info...

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION 

University of Uyo Teaching Hospital since its inception in 1994 has received considerable amount of people, for treatment medical advice, family planning and a host of other reason. Different categories of people have patronized the hospital for its efficiency. It is therefore in the best interest of the researcher to use his or her knowledge of statistic application is the attendance of ill health (patients)...

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Typhoid Fever is a world wide disease which creates a very serious public healthy problem. In many under develop countries; the word health organization (WHO) estimated that about one person out of ever hundred (100) is suffering from typhoid fever. The also identify typhoid as a serious public health problem which inciden...

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF STUDY: Pregnancy as a physiologic state is expected to lead to a process of delivery within thirty six weeks (36) of gestation in a normal delivery but due to the different reasons such as variation in human body, sizes, races, external factors e.t.c, it can be a very unpleasant experience as women may have difficulties in being delivered of the pregnancy they have carried over many w...

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study: Malaria is an infections disease caused by a parasite, plasmodium which infects red blood cells. Historical records suggest that malaria has infected human since the beginning of mankind. The name “mal aria” (Meaning bad air in Italian) was first used in English in 1740 by H. Walpole when describing the disease....

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: The Hippocratic Oath, which constitutes the moral foundation of clinical practice, is presently interpreted dialectically, according to Jameton (2017). With unstoppable advances in medicine and commercialization, key publications like as the Nuremberg code and Helsinki declaration redefine the ethical foundations of cl...

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Candeda: This is a yeast like fungi several of which cause disease in man about 90% of infection are to candida albicans, which is normally present in mouth, intestine and veginal it is responsible  for the infection in the sites defense mechanisms (carousal 1990)

Candida abbacies usually appears as oval yeast like cell that reproduce by budding however in infected areas. Filamentous hyphare plus pse...

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

Background to the Stud: Sexual and reproductive health is an important issue to every stakeholder in ...

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Malaria is one of the most serious health problems facing the world today. The World Health Organization estimates that over 300 million new cases of malaria arise a year, with approximately two to three million deaths resulting from contraction. Malaria is endemic in tropical Africa, with an estimated 90% of the total malaria incidence and deaths occurring there, particula...

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study: There is increasing recognition in the social science literature that infertility is a devastating problem for women, particularly in the high-fertility context of sub-Saharan Africa. Regardless of the medical causes of infertility, women in most African societies suffer grief, social stigma, ostracism and often serious economic deprivation. A previous article demonstrated...

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Many family lost their children to any one of these childhood killer diseases in the past, this dashing the hope of parent on such children. The effect of such loses often involve economics, political and social implication on the home. To prevent cost of children and its consequences many parent consult the herbalist and their oracle, make of their children scarification o...

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the study: HIV is widely recognised as a significant national and global issue and continues to be regarded as a pivotal public health emergency of our era. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated in the early 1990s that by the year 2000, around 26 million people would be globally infected, with almost 90% of cases originating f...

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the study: Since the first human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) case was diagnosed over two decades ago, the disease has caused serious humanitarian and developmental challenges.  According to the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, since the beginning of the H...

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the study: Drug calculation skills are an important part of nursing care (Paa-Kofi-Tawiah et al., 2022). Nurses must be able to accurately calculate dosages of medication, as well as understand the ramifications of giving a patient the wrong dosage (Joseph et al., 2022). Nurses need to be familiar with different measurement systems, s...

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study: Sexuality and contraceptives have become a prominent subject in the modern era, as the consequences of unsafe sexual behaviours, such as unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases, continue to be a concern for both young people and adults worldwide. Teaching adolescents about birth control may not align with p...

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study: The significant increase in global population in recent years has garnered considerable interest, particularly in Africa, where the highest crude birth rates are observed. The current population of Nigeria is estimated to be between 90 and 100 million individuals, or possibly even higher, with an annual growth rate of 3.3 p...

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background study: It is essential for any work environment, particularly within a hospital setting, to be accommodating, amicable, and free from stress in order to enhance the quality of treatment and well-being of healthcare personnel, whose job demands are progressively escalating. This is due to technological advancements and the increased deman...

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Malaria is a potentially fatal disease that is spread from person to person by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito, as stated by the World Health Organization (WHO) (2019). Malaria is caused by parasites that are passed on to humans via the bites of infected female mosquitoes. According to the World M...

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

According to GLOBOCAN, 2008, breast cancer holds the position of being the second most prevalent form of cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality on a global scale. The aforementioned statement highlights the fact that breast cancer is the prevailing form of cancer in the female population...

Background

Breast cancer remains a significant global cause of cancer death and disability, and one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in women, irrespective of race and ethnicity (Hasnain, Menon, Ferrans, & Szalacha, 2013). Early breast cancer detection through screening has been proven to be the key to reducing mortality and morbidity rates caused by this disease (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2017). Although there has been an overall decrease in the mort...

ABSTRACT

Nigeria has some of the highest rates of cervical cancer morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Both the human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV) and cervical screening are effective prevention strategies against both HPV infection and cervical cancer. Lack of awareness, limited knowledge, limited decision-making agency, lack of spousal support and stigma are barriers to uptake of these preventive measures. Given patriarchal structures and norms through which men control...

Abstract

The pace of improvements in maternal mortality has been slow in Ghana. While Ghana’s maternal mortality ratio (MMR) decreased from 635 per 100,000 live births to 319 per 100,000 live births between 1990 and 2015, the country failed to meet the 75% reduction target set by Millennium Development Goal (MDG) goal 5A, to reduce maternal mortality ratio by 75% between 1990 and 2015. Antenatal care (ANC) is critical to improving maternal morbidity and mortality and child dea...

ABSTRACT

Given poor maternal services utilization and associated high maternal mortality risk in Nigeria, we document policy-amenable supply and demand factors impacting women’ use of skilled ANC and institutional delivery services. Using a cross-sectional design, we analyzed data from the Nigeria State Health Investment Project health facility and household surveys on 418 health facilities and 3,726 women with a pregnancy within 24 months prior to survey living in 241 geograp...

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Immunization is a modern miracle, it has saved millions of lives worldwide and its origin dates back ancient Greece. In the 14th century the Chinese discovered and used a primitive form of vaccination called variolation. The aim was to prevent small pox by exposing healthy people to tissue from the scabs caused by the disease this is the first recorded attempt at vaccination.

The British physician Dr. Edward Jenner in 1796 discove...

​​​​​​Background of the Study

Diagnostic reference level (DRL) is defined as an investigation level used as a tool to aid optimization of protection in the medical exposures of patients for diagnostic and interventional procedures (International Commission on Radiolog...