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PRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF LIQUID SOAP USING CLOVES EXTRACTS

1-5 Chapters
NGN 5000

1.1 Background of the Study

Liquid soaps have continue to see a growing demand among households and industries for various purposes. Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) are antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant (Saeed & Tariq, 2015). "Cloves" Consumers are increasingly interested in natural beauty and cleaning products (Chandran & Hossain, 2020). This is because consumers want skin- and eco-friendly formulas.

Due to its medicinal properties, Indonesian cloves have a long history in traditional medicine. Clove oil's active ingredient, eugenol, causes these effects (Dorman & Deans, 2014). The antibacterial properties of eugenol have been extensively studied by Cortés-Rojas et al. (2014). Their research shows that eugenol is highly effective against a range of pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Clove extracts in soap may boost antibacterial qualities. This would improve liquid soaps' ability to prevent environmental microorganisms.

There has been a growing awareness among individuals regarding the detrimental impact of artificial chemicals found in personal care products on both the environment and human health. Consequently, there has been a notable transition towards the adoption of organic alternatives. Some concerns have been raised regarding the use of synthetic surfactants and preservatives in liquid soaps. It has been suggested that these ingredients may lead to skin irritation and have negative effects on the environment (Patil et al., 2019). Thus, recent research and development has focused on natural formulations (Gupta & Yadav, 2019). Formulations with botanical extracts like clove.

This research uses clove extracts to make liquid soap with antibacterial properties to create an effective and environmentally friendly cleaning solution. This study aims to analyse the physical and chemical properties of soap to assess the potential benefits of clove extracts in improving its performance. In addition, the study will investigate how the use of clove extracts affects the overall quality and safety of the product under examination. This study aims to offer significant findings regarding the potential utilisation of natural ingredients in liquid soap formulation, thus holding considerable significance.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Despite the growing popularity of natural ingredients in personal care products, clove extracts in liquid soap have not been extensively studied. Most liquid soaps sold in stores contain artificial ingredients, which can harm customers, especially those with sensitive skin, and pollute the environment because they cannot be broken down naturally (Almahy et al., 2020). The literature lacks research on clove extracts' usage in liquid soap manufacture (Wongsariya et al., 2018). Despite research showing clove extracts are antimicrobial.

There is also little research on how clove extracts affect liquid soap's pH, viscosity, and foaming ability. According to Afolabi et al. (2021), these traits are crucial to user happiness and product efficacy. No comprehensive study can tell if clove extracts are effective natural alternatives to synthetic chemicals. This work investigates clove-extracted liquid soap manufacture and analysis to fill these knowledge gaps. Safety, microbial elimination, and usability are the main goals. Clove extracts in soap formulation will yield valuable data that may lead to environmentally friendly and effective personal care products.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The study aims to determine the antimicrobial properties and analyze the impact of clove extracts on the physicochemical characteristics of liquid soap, as well as to compare its efficacy and safety with commercial liquid soaps.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study holds great significance for multiple reasons. Firstly, it adds to the expanding corpus of research on the utilisation of natural components in personal care products. The study provides insights into the possible advantages of integrating clove extracts into liquid soap formulations, which could result in the creation of safer and more ecologically friendly cleaning solutions. The finding also has practical ramifications for the soap making business. The results of this study may motivate producers to investigate the utilisation of clove extracts as a natural substitute for synthetic ingredients, which might potentially result in the creation of liquid soaps that are both efficient and mild on the skin and the environment. Moreover, the study's focus on the antimicrobial characteristics of clove extracts is especially pertinent in light of the increased attention to cleanliness and the prevention of contagious illnesses. This is because consumers are now more inclined to choose products that have demonstrated antimicrobial effectiveness (Usman et al., 2021).

1.5 Justification for the Study

The increasing demand for natural and environmentally friendly personal care products emphasises the necessity for investigating alternative substances that provide both health advantages and sustainability. This study, which centres on the manufacturing and examination of liquid soap utilising clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extracts, is timely and pertinent for various reasons, as elaborated upon below.

Traditional liquid soaps frequently include artificial chemicals, detergents, and preservatives that contribute to environmental contamination, particularly when not disposed of correctly. By incorporating clove extracts, a substance derived from nature that can decompose naturally, a more environmentally friendly option is provided. This is consistent with the concepts of green chemistry, which prioritise the minimisation of toxic substances in consumer goods. This study contributes to the greater objective of lowering the environmental effect of personal care goods by investigating the possibilities of clove extracts in soap manufacture.

A multitude of traditional soaps incorporate synthetic chemicals that have the potential to provoke irritation in those with sensitive skin or elicit allergic reactions. Utilising natural plant extracts such as clove, which possesses antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant characteristics, offers a more secure option for customers. Clove has historically been utilised for its medicinal properties, and when included in liquid soap, it can provide additional skincare advantages, such as heightened defence against skin infections and inflammation. This study is warranted as it addresses customer demands for safer, naturally sourced components that promote overall skin well-being.

Amidst rising apprehension over antimicrobial resistance, there is a surging curiosity in natural substances that might efficiently attack hazardous microorganisms without exacerbating resistance. Scientific studies have confirmed that clove extracts, which contain a significant amount of eugenol, have potent antibacterial capabilities. This research provides vital insights into the efficacy of clove-based liquid soap compared to commercial formulations. It demonstrates how natural ingredients can be utilised to generate more effective hygiene solutions, especially in environments where bacterial contamination is a significant issue.

The natural and herbal personal care products market is experiencing significant growth on a global scale. This growth is primarily fuelled by customer preferences for products that are both efficacious and environmentally sustainable. This phenomenon is especially pertinent in emerging economies, where indigenously obtained natural components, such as cloves, could provide economically advantageous options for manufacturing soap. This study has important economic implications for companies seeking to enter the expanding market for natural personal care products, as it proves the feasibility of using clove-based soap. Moreover, it is a chance for small- and medium-sized businesses to engage in innovation and introduce novel goods that specifically target environmentally concerned consumers.

Although there is a wealth of study on the overall use of natural extracts in soap manufacturing, there is a scarcity of particular literature on the development and comprehensive examination of liquid soap including clove extracts. This paper addresses the lack of scientific examination into the chemical properties of clove extracts and their involvement in soap manufacturing. It also explores the benefits of using these extracts for both the environment and skin health. The results of this study will enhance the existing body of knowledge on the development of herbal soap formulas, providing a basis for future investigations into the use of other natural extracts in personal care items.

REFERENCES

Afolabi, T. J., Adeola, A. A., & Oni, B. O. (2021). Evaluation of the physicochemical properties of liquid soap from oils and blend of essential oils. Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 56(5), 989-997.

Almahy, H. A., Abdulaziz, N. A., & Omar, M. H. (2020). A review of the health and environmental impacts of synthetic surfactants in personal care products. International Journal of Environmental Science, 4(2), 245-254.

Chandran, H., & Hossain, S. (2020). Herbal cosmetics: A safe and effective approach in personal care. Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications, 10(1), 36-45.

Cortés-Rojas, D. F., Fernandes Souza, C. R., & Oliveira, W. P. (2014). Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): A precious spice. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(2), 90-96.

Dorman, H. J., & Deans, S. G. (2014). Antimicrobial agents from plants: Antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 88(2), 308-316.

Gupta, P. K., & Yadav, R. N. (2019). Natural ingredients in personal care products: Prospects and challenges. Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 5(3), 210-215.

Patil, S., More, P., & Patil, P. (2019). Review on environmental impacts of synthetic chemicals in personal care products and the need for greener alternatives. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(2), 935-947.

Saeed, S., & Tariq, P. (2015). Antimicrobial activity of clove oil against pathogenic bacteria. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(9), 427-430.

Usman, A., Ahmad, A., & Qasim, M. (2021). Antimicrobial properties of herbal products in combating infectious diseases: A review. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 28, 100443.

Wongsariya, K., Pisutthanan, N., & Bunrathep, S. (2018). Evaluation of antifungal and antibacterial activity of clove oil and its potential use in soap production. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11(3), 93-97.