Abstract

This study analyzes the dynamics of media censorship and digital freedoms in Ethiopia from 2016 to 2024, a period marked by political reforms, conflict, and shifting regulatory frameworks. Using a longitudinal research design, data were collected from media-regulation documents, internet shutdown logs, journalist surveys (n = 420), social-media platform analytics, and 38 interviews with media practitioners, civil society actors, and government regulators. The study examines trends in press freedom, digital-rights violations, online information flow, and the state’s evolving role in media governance. Findings reveal substantial fluctuations: periods of political liberalization saw increased media plurality and reduced censorship, while conflict-intense periods experienced heightened surveillance, website blocking, and recurrent internet shutdowns. Statistical analysis showed a strong negative correlation between shutdown duration and online civic engagement (r = –0.71). Journalists reported persistent risks including arrests, intimidation, and regulatory ambiguity under evolving media laws. Despite restrictions, digital activism expanded, driven by diaspora networks, encrypted messaging platforms, and citizen journalism. The study identifies misinformation control, national security concerns, and political competition as primary drivers of censorship decisions. Policy recommendations emphasize adopting transparent regulatory frameworks, establishing independent oversight bodies, enhancing journalist safety mechanisms, and balancing national security with digital rights. The study concludes that Ethiopia’s media landscape remains in flux and that sustainable digital freedom will depend on consistent governance reforms and inclusive media-sector dialogue.