Abstract

This study investigates the development, structure, and economic impact of Egypt’s start-up ecosystems and tech hubs between 2017 and 2025. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 52 tech hubs, 318 start-ups, government policy documents, and interviews with 60 founders, investors, and innovation-hub managers. Quantitative indicators such as funding volumes, employment generation, sectoral distribution, and innovation outputs were analyzed using descriptive and regression techniques. Findings reveal that Egypt’s start-up ecosystem grew by over 230% in investment inflows, driven primarily by fintech, e-commerce, health-tech, and ed-tech ventures. Cairo and Alexandria emerged as dominant innovation clusters, supported by improved broadband penetration, university–industry collaborations, and government initiatives like the Egypt Entrepreneurship Development Project and digital-skills programs. However, regional tech hubs in Upper Egypt showed slower growth due to financing barriers and inadequate digital infrastructure. Regression analysis confirmed that access to venture capital, mentorship networks, and incubator quality significantly predicted start-up survival beyond three years (p < 0.05). Challenges identified include regulatory inconsistencies, limited intellectual-property protection, and insufficient support for women-led start-ups. The study concludes that Egypt’s start-up ecosystem is maturing into a vibrant innovation economy with continental influence. Policy recommendations include strengthening innovation financing mechanisms, harmonizing regulatory frameworks, expanding regional tech hubs, and deepening university-based entrepreneurship training. The study provides evidence that sustained policy coordination and private-sector engagement will be critical for Egypt to consolidate its role as a leading African innovation hub.