Abstract

This study evaluates the scope, performance, and socio-economic impact of transport infrastructure expansion in Angola between 2015 and 2024. Using an infrastructure-assessment framework, the research analyzed national transport investment records, satellite imagery of road and rail networks, and logistics performance indicators. Field surveys were conducted among 3,100 households, transport operators, and businesses across Luanda, Benguela, Huambo, and Cabinda. Additionally, interviews with 48 officials from the Ministry of Transport and construction firms provided qualitative insights. Findings reveal that Angola invested substantially in rehabilitating national highways, expanding port capacity, and modernizing the Benguela Railway. These interventions improved inter-city connectivity and reduced freight transport times by an average of 22%. Regression analysis showed that regions with improved road density experienced significant growth in microenterprise activities and agricultural market access (p < 0.05). However, persistent challenges included maintenance deficits, construction delays, and high logistics costs due to fuel prices and port congestion. Environmental assessments indicated localized negative impacts, especially in areas where expansion encroached on ecologically sensitive zones. Despite progress, rural–urban disparities in infrastructure quality remained wide. The study concludes that Angola’s transport expansion has contributed to economic diversification and mobility improvement but requires enhanced maintenance financing, stronger regulatory oversight, and environmentally responsible planning. Recommendations include adopting performance-based road maintenance contracts, integrating transport expansion with regional trade policies, and promoting multimodal transport development.