Abstract

This study assesses the impact of rural electrification on social welfare outcomes in Malawi between 2015 and 2024. Using a quasi-experimental design, the research compared 48 electrified villages with 20 non-electrified control villages across the Central, Northern, and Southern regions. Data were gathered from household surveys (n = 5,100), energy-use assessments, school performance records, and health-center administrative data. Electrification indicators included access rates, reliability of supply, and affordability, while welfare indicators encompassed income generation, educational outcomes, healthcare access, and gender-based labor shifts. Results show that electrified villages reported a 27% increase in household income, driven by small-business expansion and extended productive hours. School performance improved significantly, with electrified communities showing higher reading proficiency and reduced absenteeism. Health centers in electrified areas provided improved services such as vaccine refrigeration and nighttime emergency care. Regression analysis indicated that electrification strongly predicted improvements in education, income, and maternal health outcomes (p < 0.05). However, affordability challenges persisted, with 38% of households reporting difficulty paying monthly bills. Limited grid reliability and delays in connecting remote villages also constrained long-term impact. Off-grid solar systems served as important complements but were often limited by low capacity. The study concludes that rural electrification positively contributes to social welfare in Malawi but requires sustained investment in grid stability, tariff reforms, and expansion of off-grid technologies. Recommendations include scaling community mini-grids, subsidizing connection fees, and integrating energy planning with rural development strategies.