PREVALENCE OF OBESITY AND IT'S IMPLICATION AMONG RURAL ADULTS

1.1 Background to the Study
Obesity, a significant global public health issue, is increasingly prevalent among rural populations. Defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher, obesity contributes to numerous non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. The rural context poses unique challenges that exacerbate the prevalence of obesity, including limited healthcare access, fewer recreational facilities, and higher reliance on high-calorie diets due to economic and cultural factors.​

Globally, obesity rates have risen dramatically over the past decades. While urban environments were historically associated with higher obesity rates, rural areas are increasingly driving the obesity epidemic. Research highlights that, globally, weight gain in rural areas is now a primary contributor to rising obesity rates. In the United States, approximately 42.2% of adults are classified as obese, with rural residents disproportionately affected. For instance, studies show that rural adults in the U.S. often have higher obesity rates than their urban counterparts, attributed to factors like poverty, limited education, and geographic isolation.​

In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), rural obesity is often linked to rapid transitions in diet and lifestyle. Traditional food systems, once dominated by locally grown, nutrient-rich foods, are increasingly replaced by energy-dense, processed options. Coupled with reduced physical labor due to mechanization, rural populations face escalating obesity risks. For example, a study conducted in a rural Thai community revealed an increase in obesity prevalence from 33.7% in 2012 to 44.8% in 2018, with women showing significantly higher rates than men.

In addition to health implications, obesity imposes substantial socioeconomic burdens. Rural adults experiencing obesity often face stigma, reduced productivity, and higher healthcare costs. Obesity-related comorbidities strain local health systems, especially in regions where resources are already scarce. This issue underscores the critical need for tailored interventions that address the unique challenges of rural living, emphasizing community-based approaches to promote healthier diets and active lifestyles.

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
The rising prevalence of obesity among rural adults presents a multifaceted public health concern with implications that extend beyond individual health to community well-being and healthcare systems. While obesity research is extensive, rural populations remain underrepresented in studies, limiting the understanding of context-specific factors that drive obesity in these areas. Existing interventions often fail to account for unique rural challenges, such as economic constraints, cultural norms, and infrastructural limitations.

Current data reveal stark disparities in obesity rates between rural and urban populations. For example, rural communities in Thailand saw obesity prevalence rise by over 10% within six years, reflecting similar trends in other LMICs. However, these statistics are not adequately matched by corresponding preventive or management strategies. The lack of effective, accessible interventions exacerbates the problem, leaving rural residents more vulnerable to obesity-related diseases and their consequences.

Furthermore, the implications of obesity in rural areas extend to the broader social and economic fabric. With many rural adults engaged in physically demanding occupations, obesity-related health complications can undermine economic productivity and increase dependency ratios. Additionally, rural healthcare systems are often ill-equipped to address the complex needs of obese individuals, resulting in delayed or inadequate care. This study aims to bridge these gaps by investigating the prevalence and implications of obesity among rural adults, providing evidence for targeted policy and intervention strategies​

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1.3.1 General Objective

To examine the prevalence of obesity and its implications on the health and socioeconomic well-being of rural adults, identifying contributing factors and proposing context-specific interventions.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

1. To determine the prevalence of obesity among rural adults in the study area.

2. To investigate the factors contributing to obesity in rural settings, including socioeconomic and lifestyle determinants.

3. To assess the health and socioeconomic impacts of obesity among rural populations.

1.4 Research Questions

1. What is the prevalence of obesity among rural adults in the study area?

2. What are the key factors influencing obesity in rural populations?

3. How does obesity impact the health and socioeconomic status of rural adults?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

H₁: There is a significant prevalence of obesity among rural adults.

H₂: Socioeconomic and lifestyle factors significantly contribute to rural obesity.

H₃: Obesity has a measurable negative impact on the health and socioeconomic well-being of rural adults.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study is significant as it sheds light on the growing obesity epidemic in rural areas, highlighting its unique drivers and consequences. By providing evidence-based insights, it can inform policy decisions, healthcare planning, and community-level interventions tailored to the needs of rural populations. Moreover, it contributes to the academic literature by filling gaps in understanding obesity's rural dimensions, aiding future research.

1.7 Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study focuses on adults aged 18 years and above residing in rural settings. It examines obesity prevalence, contributing factors, and implications within these populations. The research is geographically limited to selected rural communities and excludes urban or peri-urban populations. While comprehensive, the study does not delve into genetic predispositions or pediatric obesity.

1.8 Definition of Key Terms

Obesity: A condition characterized by excessive body fat, typically measured using a BMI of 30 or above.

Rural Adults: Individuals aged 18 and older living in non-urbanized regions characterized by lower population density and limited infrastructure.

Socioeconomic Factors: Aspects such as income, education, and occupation influencing individuals' health and lifestyle choices.

Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Chronic health conditions, such as diabetes and heart disease, often linked to obesity.

Body Mass Index (BMI): A numerical value derived from weight and height, used to classify obesity.