THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON POLITICAL DISCOURSE IN NIGERIA

1.1 Background of the Study

Social media platforms have fundamentally transformed the global political discourse. The widespread use of social media in Nigeria has greatly transformed the way political communication works, providing new opportunities for involvement, organisation, and the articulation of political viewpoints. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp are now indispensable platforms for politicians, activists, and the public to exchange information, discuss policies, and exert political influence (Abdullahi & Danladi, 2021).

The advent of the digital age has brought about a fundamental change in the way political discussions are carried out. Traditional media channels, previously dominant in the distribution of political information, now coexist with social media, a platform where content can be generated and shared by almost anybody with internet connectivity (Adeniran & Ogunleye, 2021). This shift has facilitated the democratisation of information dissemination, enabling a greater variety of perspectives to participate in political discourse. In Nigeria, where traditional media may face limitations due to political and economic influences, social media provides a comparatively unrestricted platform for political expression and discussion (Ajibade & Okeke, 2022).

The role of social media in political discourse is complex and has many aspects. It functions as a platform for political campaigning, a mechanism for mobilising voters, and a forum for public deliberation. During election periods, social media becomes a battleground for political parties and candidates to influence public opinion and garner support (Ayodele, 2019). The 2015 and 2019 general elections in Nigeria witnessed a widespread use of social media platforms by candidates and their followers for the purposes of campaigning and countering the narratives put forth by their opponents (Bello,2022).

Moreover, social media promotes real-time connection between politicians and the audience, permitting direct communication that escapes traditional media filters. This immediacy promotes a sense of closeness and responsiveness that can enhance political engagement and participation (Edet, 2017). Social media also plays a significant role in political action and protest movements. The #EndSARS protests in 2020, which demanded for the disbandment of an infamous police unit in Nigeria, illustrated how social media can generate popular indignation and mobilize collective action (Kalu, 2018).

However, the influence of social media on political debate is not without challenges. The dissemination of false information and fabricated news on these platforms has the potential to skew the public's perspective and exacerbate political polarisation (Nwafor, 2023). In Nigeria, the effects of false information might be especially significant due to the varying levels of literacy and digital literacy (Olatunji, 2020). Moreover, the ability to remain anonymous on social media platforms can contribute to the widespread dissemination of hate speech and rudeness in political conversations, which in turn undermines the potential for productive discourse and democratic procedures (Olawale, 2022).

Considering the significant influence of social media on political discussions, it is crucial to analyse its contribution to the formation of public sentiment, political engagement, and election results in Nigeria. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of these dynamics can offer valuable insights into the wider consequences of social media on democratic governance and political stability in the country.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The incorporation of social media into the political domain has revolutionised the manner in which political discussions are carried out in Nigeria. Although social media provides chances for increased political participation and the dissemination of information to a wider audience, it also poses substantial obstacles such as the proliferation of false information, the deepening of political divisions, and the emergence of online rudeness. Although social media's effect is increasing, there is a scarcity of empirical study on the precise impact it has on political discourse in Nigeria. This study aims to fill this void by exploring the utilisation of social media platforms in political discussions, assessing their impact on public sentiment and political engagement, and scrutinising their contribution to the formation of political campaigns and elections in Nigeria.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of this study are:

1. To investigate how social media platforms are used in political discourse in Nigeria.

2. To examine the influence of social media on public opinion and political participation in Nigeria.

3. To analyze the role of social media in shaping political campaigns and elections in Nigeria.

 

 

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions guide this study:

1. How are social media platforms used in political discourse in Nigeria?

2. What is the influence of social media on public opinion in Nigeria?

3. How does social media impact political participation in Nigeria?

4. What role does social media play in shaping political campaigns and elections in Nigeria?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

The study will test the following hypothesis:

H1: Social media significantly influences public opinion and political participation in Nigeria.

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study is significant for several reasons:

Academic Contribution: It contributes to the growing body of literature on social media and political discourse, providing empirical data on the Nigerian context.

Policy Implications: The findings can inform policymakers and regulatory bodies on how to harness the benefits of social media while mitigating its negative impacts on political discourse.

Practical Insights: Political parties, candidates, and activists can use the insights from this study to better understand the dynamics of social media engagement and develop more effective communication strategies.

Public Awareness: By highlighting the influence of social media on political processes, the study can enhance public awareness and encourage more informed and responsible use of these platforms.

1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study focuses on the role of social media in political discourse in Nigeria, particularly in relation to public opinion, political participation, and electoral processes. The research will primarily cover major social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp. The study period will encompass recent elections and significant political events from 2014 to 2024.

Limitations of the study include:

Data Reliability: Given the self-reported nature of social media use, there may be issues with the reliability of data collected from surveys and interviews.

Rapid Technological Changes: The fast-evolving nature of social media technologies may mean that some findings quickly become outdated.

Geographical Focus: While the study focuses on Nigeria, the findings may not be entirely generalizable to other contexts with different socio-political dynamics.

1.8 Definition of Terms

Social Media: Digital platforms that facilitate the creation, sharing, and exchange of information, ideas, and content among users. Examples include Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp.

Political Discourse: The ways in which individuals and groups discuss, debate, and engage with political issues and processes.

Public Opinion: The collective attitudes and beliefs of the general public towards political issues, events, or figures.

Political Participation: Activities by citizens that are intended to influence the selection of political leaders or the policies they pursue. This includes voting, campaigning, and engaging in political discussions.

Political Campaigns: Organized efforts by political candidates or parties to influence voter decision-making and secure electoral victory.

Misinformation: False or misleading information spread intentionally or unintentionally, often exacerbated by the speed and reach of social media platforms.

Digital Incivility: Inappropriate or disrespectful behaviour exhibited online, often characterized by aggressive, offensive, or hateful communication.